Puisi ini ditulis oleh John Whittier dan diterbitkan di dalam buku kumpulan puisinya yang berjudul POEMS by John Greenleaf Whittier yang diterbitkan oleh Hurst and Company Publishers, di New York.
Puisi ini ditulis sebagai reaksi atas kenyataan yang terjadi pada waktu itu, yaitu larinya seorang budak pelarian yang bernama George Latimer dari wilayah Virginia menuju wilayah Massachusetts. Massachusetts memberi perlindungan kepada budak pelarian ini sehingga tidak bisa diambil lagi oleh majikannya dari Virginia. Oleh karena itu, puisi ini bisa dikatakan sebagai puisi realis. Sekali lagi harus dikatakan bahwa John Whittier adalah seorang abolisionis atau pelaku/aktifis gerakan anti-perbudakan pada abad ke-19. Tentu, penerbitan puisi-puisinya, termasuk puisi ini merupakan bagian dari upayanya dalam konteks gerakan anti-perbudakan atau abolisionisme itu. selain itu, puisi ini dapat dipandang sebagai bentuk pilantrofi yang ditunjukkan oleh Whittier sendiri atas munculnya fugitive slaves pada era itu.
Dalam puisi ini, John Whittier menggambarkan perbedaan antara negara bagian di Amerika Utara yang bebas perbudakan dengan negara bagian Amerika selatan yang memberlakukan perbudakan. Massachusetts adalah representasi dari negara bagian Amerika utara sementara Virginia adalah representasi dari negara bagian Amerika selatan. Yang membedakan ini adalah batas alam, sebenarnya. Batas alam yang dimaksud yaitu gunung atau perbukitan yang tinggi. Ketika budak pelarian mampu melawati batas ala mini, seperti digambarkan di stanza pertama, maka kebebasan adalah jaminan bagi mereka, karena mereka sudah memasuki kawasan yang bebas perbudakan.
Kenyataan kontras yang ada pada kedua negara bagian ini semakin ditunjukkan oleh John Whittier di dalam stanza-stanza berikutnya. Kenyataan kontras yang dimaksud terletak pada ada tidaknya praktek perbudakan itu. Virginia digambarkan seakan menjadi “musuh” oleh John Whittier yang selalu menebarkan ancaman dan kata-kata kasar kepada para budak pelarian dan pihak-pihak yang melindungi para budak itu. Di samping itu, Virginia dipandang sebagai penganut Old Dominion yang di dalamnya terjadi pembudakan atas bangsa lain. Virginia dalam hal ini hanya mewarisi kebiasaan atau tradisi yang sudah muncul pada jaman kuno. Perbudakan itu adalah warisan yang dimaksud.
Meskipun demikian, sebagai abolisionis, ancaman Virginia serta tindakan perbudakan itu harus dilawan, menurut John Whittier. Suara perlawanan dari para abolisionis harus keras dan lantang melawan ancaman dari wilayah Virginia. Tantangan dan perlawanan para abolisonis ini, menurut Whittier harus disatukan dan menjadi satu suara dalam rangka menentang suara-suara pembela perbudakan itu. Ketika suara pembelaan semakin keras, maka ratusan ribu suara penentangan dari abolisionis menjawab dan balik menyerang, kata John Whittier.
Sementara itu dalam pandangan John Whittier, Massachusetts adalah negara bagian yang dia puja-puja atas sikap dan aksi perlindungannya kepada budak pelarian itu. Ungkapan atas kebanggaan atau pujiannya kepada Massachusetts ini diperlihatkan pada lima bait terakhir. Dia mengatakan bahwa di wilayah ini suara kebebasan telah menyatu dengan aliran air di wilayah tersebut. Artinya kebebasan itu bisa ditemui dan berlaku di mana-mana. Meskipun para penduduk Virginia yang mengecam tindakan masyarakat Massachusetts yang melindungi budak pelarian, pada dasarnya mereka tidak hendak melakukan perlawanan terbuka. Tidak ada peperangan terjadi. Yang mereka yakini adalah kebebasan dan kemanusiaan itu sejalan dengan kebenaran dari Tuhan. Oleh karena itu, Massachusetts meyakinkan bahwa tidak ada perburuan budak di batas wilayah, tidak ada perompak yang berlabuh serta tidak ada perbudakan di atas tanah wilayah negara bagian ini. Demikianlah ungkapan kebanggaan John Whittier terhadap Massachusetts sebagai salah satu negara bagian yang free states dari perbudakan itu.
Puisi ini ditulis sebagai reaksi atas kenyataan yang terjadi pada waktu itu, yaitu larinya seorang budak pelarian yang bernama George Latimer dari wilayah Virginia menuju wilayah Massachusetts. Massachusetts memberi perlindungan kepada budak pelarian ini sehingga tidak bisa diambil lagi oleh majikannya dari Virginia. Oleh karena itu, puisi ini bisa dikatakan sebagai puisi realis. Sekali lagi harus dikatakan bahwa John Whittier adalah seorang abolisionis atau pelaku/aktifis gerakan anti-perbudakan pada abad ke-19. Tentu, penerbitan puisi-puisinya, termasuk puisi ini merupakan bagian dari upayanya dalam konteks gerakan anti-perbudakan atau abolisionisme itu. selain itu, puisi ini dapat dipandang sebagai bentuk pilantrofi yang ditunjukkan oleh Whittier sendiri atas munculnya fugitive slaves pada era itu.
Dalam puisi ini, John Whittier menggambarkan perbedaan antara negara bagian di Amerika Utara yang bebas perbudakan dengan negara bagian Amerika selatan yang memberlakukan perbudakan. Massachusetts adalah representasi dari negara bagian Amerika utara sementara Virginia adalah representasi dari negara bagian Amerika selatan. Yang membedakan ini adalah batas alam, sebenarnya. Batas alam yang dimaksud yaitu gunung atau perbukitan yang tinggi. Ketika budak pelarian mampu melawati batas ala mini, seperti digambarkan di stanza pertama, maka kebebasan adalah jaminan bagi mereka, karena mereka sudah memasuki kawasan yang bebas perbudakan.
Kenyataan kontras yang ada pada kedua negara bagian ini semakin ditunjukkan oleh John Whittier di dalam stanza-stanza berikutnya. Kenyataan kontras yang dimaksud terletak pada ada tidaknya praktek perbudakan itu. Virginia digambarkan seakan menjadi “musuh” oleh John Whittier yang selalu menebarkan ancaman dan kata-kata kasar kepada para budak pelarian dan pihak-pihak yang melindungi para budak itu. Di samping itu, Virginia dipandang sebagai penganut Old Dominion yang di dalamnya terjadi pembudakan atas bangsa lain. Virginia dalam hal ini hanya mewarisi kebiasaan atau tradisi yang sudah muncul pada jaman kuno. Perbudakan itu adalah warisan yang dimaksud.
Meskipun demikian, sebagai abolisionis, ancaman Virginia serta tindakan perbudakan itu harus dilawan, menurut John Whittier. Suara perlawanan dari para abolisionis harus keras dan lantang melawan ancaman dari wilayah Virginia. Tantangan dan perlawanan para abolisonis ini, menurut Whittier harus disatukan dan menjadi satu suara dalam rangka menentang suara-suara pembela perbudakan itu. Ketika suara pembelaan semakin keras, maka ratusan ribu suara penentangan dari abolisionis menjawab dan balik menyerang, kata John Whittier.
Sementara itu dalam pandangan John Whittier, Massachusetts adalah negara bagian yang dia puja-puja atas sikap dan aksi perlindungannya kepada budak pelarian itu. Ungkapan atas kebanggaan atau pujiannya kepada Massachusetts ini diperlihatkan pada lima bait terakhir. Dia mengatakan bahwa di wilayah ini suara kebebasan telah menyatu dengan aliran air di wilayah tersebut. Artinya kebebasan itu bisa ditemui dan berlaku di mana-mana. Meskipun para penduduk Virginia yang mengecam tindakan masyarakat Massachusetts yang melindungi budak pelarian, pada dasarnya mereka tidak hendak melakukan perlawanan terbuka. Tidak ada peperangan terjadi. Yang mereka yakini adalah kebebasan dan kemanusiaan itu sejalan dengan kebenaran dari Tuhan. Oleh karena itu, Massachusetts meyakinkan bahwa tidak ada perburuan budak di batas wilayah, tidak ada perompak yang berlabuh serta tidak ada perbudakan di atas tanah wilayah negara bagian ini. Demikianlah ungkapan kebanggaan John Whittier terhadap Massachusetts sebagai salah satu negara bagian yang free states dari perbudakan itu.
Massachusetts To Virginia
The blast from Freedom's Northern hills, upon its Southern way,
Bears greeting to Virginia from Massachusetts Bay:
No word of haughty challenging, nor battle bugle's peal,
Nor steady tread of marching files, nor clang of horsemen's steel,
No trains of deep-mouthed cannon along our highways go;
Around our silent arsenals untrodden lies the snow;
And to the land-breeze of our ports, upon their errands far,
A thousand sails of commerce swell, but none are spread for war.
We hear thy threats, Virginia! thy stormy words and high
Swell harshly on the Southern winds which melt along our sky;
Yet not one brown, hard hand foregoes its honest labor here,
No hewer of our mountain oaks suspends his axe in fear.
Wild are the waves which lash the reefs along St. George's bank;
Cold on the shores of Labrador the fog lies white and dank;
Through storm, and wave, and blinding mist, stout are the hearts which man
The fishing-smacks of Marblehead, the sea-boats of Cape Ann.
The cold north light and wintry sun glare on their icy forms,
Bent grimly o'er their straining lines or wrestling with the storms;
Free as the winds they drive before, rough as the waves they roam,
They laugh to scorn the slaver's threat against their rocky home.
What means the Old Dominion? Hath she forgot the day
When o'er her conquered valleys swept the Briton's steel array?
How, side by side with sons of hers, the Massachusetts men
Encountered Tarleton's charge of fire, and stout Cornwallis, then?
Forgets she how the Bay State, in answer to the call
Of her old House of Burgesses, spoke out from Faneuil Hall?
When, echoing back her Henry's cry, came pulsing on each breath
Of Northern winds the thrilling sounds of 'Liberty or Death!'
What asks the Old Dominion? If now her sons have proved
False to their fathers' memory, false to the faith they loved;
If she can scoff at Freedom, and its great charter spurn,
Must we of Massachusetts from truth and duty turn?
We hunt your bondmen, flying from Slavery's hateful hell;
Our voices, at your bidding, take up the bloodhound's yell;
We gather, at your summons, above our fathers' graves,
From Freedom's holy altar-horns to tear your wretched slaves!
Thank God! not yet so vilely can Massachusetts bow;
The spirit of her early time is with her even now;
Dream not because her Pilgrim blood moves slow and calm and cool,
She thus can stoop her chainless neck, a sister's slave and tool!
All that a sister State should do, all that a free State may,
Heart, hand, and purse we proffer, as in our early day;
But that one dark loathsome burden ye must stagger with alone,
And reap the bitter harvest which ye yourselves have sown!
Hold, while ye may, your struggling slaves, and burden God's free air
With woman's shriek beneath the lash, and manhood's wild despair;
Cling closer to the 'cleaving curse' that writes upon your plains
The blasting of Almighty wrath against a land of chains.
Still shame your gallant ancestry, the cavaliers of old,
By watching round the shambles where human flesh is sold;
Gloat o'er the new-born child, and count his market value, when
The maddened mother's cry of woe shall pierce the slaver's den!
Lower than plummet soundeth, sink the Virginia name;
Plant, if ye will, your fathers' graves with rankest weeds of shame;
Be, if ye will, the scandal of God's fair universe;
We wash our hands forever of your sin and shame and curse.
A voice from lips whereon the coal from Freedom's shrine hath been,
Thrilled, as but yesterday, the hearts of Berkshire's mountain men:
The echoes of that solemn voice are sadly lingering still
In all our sunny valleys, on every wind-swept hill.
And when the prowling man-thief came hunting for his prey
Beneath the very shadow of Bunker's shaft of gray,
How, through the free lips of the son, the father's warning spoke;
How, from its bonds of trade and sect, the Pilgrim city broke!
A hundred thousand right arms were lifted up on high,
A hundred thousand voices sent back their loud reply;
Through the thronged towns of Essex the startling summons rang,
And up from bench and loom and wheel her young mechanics sprang!
The voice of free, broad Middlesex, of thousands as of one,
The shaft of Bunker calling to that Lexington;
From Norfolk's ancient villages, from Plymouth's rocky bound
To where Nantucket feels the arms of ocean close to her round;
From rich and rural Worcester, where through the calm repose
Of cultured vales and fringing woods the gentle Nashua flows,
To where Wachuset's wintry blasts the mountain larches stir,
Swelled up to Heaven the thrilling cry of 'God save Latimer!'
And sandy Barnstable rose up, wet with the salt sea spray;
And Bristol sent her answering shout down Narragansett Bay!
Along the broad Connecticut old Hampden felt the thrill,
And the cheer of Hampshire's woodmen swept down from Holyoke Hill.
The voice of Massachusetts! Of her free sons and daughters,
Deep calling unto deep aloud, the sound of many waters!
Against the burden of that voice what tyrant power shall stand?
No fetters in the Bay State! No slave upon her land!
Look to it well, Virginians! In calmness we have borne,
In answer to our faith and trust, your insult and your scorn;
You've spurned our kindest counsels; you've hunted for our lives;
And shaken round our hearths and homes your manacles and gyves!
We wage no war, we lift no arm, we fling no torch within
The fire-damps of the quaking mine beneath your soil of sin;
We leave ye with your bondmen, to wrestle, while ye can,
With the strong upward tendencies and God-like soul of man!
But for us and for our children, the vow which we have given
For freedom and humanity is registered in heaven;
No slave-hunt in our borders, - no pirate on our strand!
No fetters in the Bay State, - no slave upon our land!
Bears greeting to Virginia from Massachusetts Bay:
No word of haughty challenging, nor battle bugle's peal,
Nor steady tread of marching files, nor clang of horsemen's steel,
No trains of deep-mouthed cannon along our highways go;
Around our silent arsenals untrodden lies the snow;
And to the land-breeze of our ports, upon their errands far,
A thousand sails of commerce swell, but none are spread for war.
We hear thy threats, Virginia! thy stormy words and high
Swell harshly on the Southern winds which melt along our sky;
Yet not one brown, hard hand foregoes its honest labor here,
No hewer of our mountain oaks suspends his axe in fear.
Wild are the waves which lash the reefs along St. George's bank;
Cold on the shores of Labrador the fog lies white and dank;
Through storm, and wave, and blinding mist, stout are the hearts which man
The fishing-smacks of Marblehead, the sea-boats of Cape Ann.
The cold north light and wintry sun glare on their icy forms,
Bent grimly o'er their straining lines or wrestling with the storms;
Free as the winds they drive before, rough as the waves they roam,
They laugh to scorn the slaver's threat against their rocky home.
What means the Old Dominion? Hath she forgot the day
When o'er her conquered valleys swept the Briton's steel array?
How, side by side with sons of hers, the Massachusetts men
Encountered Tarleton's charge of fire, and stout Cornwallis, then?
Forgets she how the Bay State, in answer to the call
Of her old House of Burgesses, spoke out from Faneuil Hall?
When, echoing back her Henry's cry, came pulsing on each breath
Of Northern winds the thrilling sounds of 'Liberty or Death!'
What asks the Old Dominion? If now her sons have proved
False to their fathers' memory, false to the faith they loved;
If she can scoff at Freedom, and its great charter spurn,
Must we of Massachusetts from truth and duty turn?
We hunt your bondmen, flying from Slavery's hateful hell;
Our voices, at your bidding, take up the bloodhound's yell;
We gather, at your summons, above our fathers' graves,
From Freedom's holy altar-horns to tear your wretched slaves!
Thank God! not yet so vilely can Massachusetts bow;
The spirit of her early time is with her even now;
Dream not because her Pilgrim blood moves slow and calm and cool,
She thus can stoop her chainless neck, a sister's slave and tool!
All that a sister State should do, all that a free State may,
Heart, hand, and purse we proffer, as in our early day;
But that one dark loathsome burden ye must stagger with alone,
And reap the bitter harvest which ye yourselves have sown!
Hold, while ye may, your struggling slaves, and burden God's free air
With woman's shriek beneath the lash, and manhood's wild despair;
Cling closer to the 'cleaving curse' that writes upon your plains
The blasting of Almighty wrath against a land of chains.
Still shame your gallant ancestry, the cavaliers of old,
By watching round the shambles where human flesh is sold;
Gloat o'er the new-born child, and count his market value, when
The maddened mother's cry of woe shall pierce the slaver's den!
Lower than plummet soundeth, sink the Virginia name;
Plant, if ye will, your fathers' graves with rankest weeds of shame;
Be, if ye will, the scandal of God's fair universe;
We wash our hands forever of your sin and shame and curse.
A voice from lips whereon the coal from Freedom's shrine hath been,
Thrilled, as but yesterday, the hearts of Berkshire's mountain men:
The echoes of that solemn voice are sadly lingering still
In all our sunny valleys, on every wind-swept hill.
And when the prowling man-thief came hunting for his prey
Beneath the very shadow of Bunker's shaft of gray,
How, through the free lips of the son, the father's warning spoke;
How, from its bonds of trade and sect, the Pilgrim city broke!
A hundred thousand right arms were lifted up on high,
A hundred thousand voices sent back their loud reply;
Through the thronged towns of Essex the startling summons rang,
And up from bench and loom and wheel her young mechanics sprang!
The voice of free, broad Middlesex, of thousands as of one,
The shaft of Bunker calling to that Lexington;
From Norfolk's ancient villages, from Plymouth's rocky bound
To where Nantucket feels the arms of ocean close to her round;
From rich and rural Worcester, where through the calm repose
Of cultured vales and fringing woods the gentle Nashua flows,
To where Wachuset's wintry blasts the mountain larches stir,
Swelled up to Heaven the thrilling cry of 'God save Latimer!'
And sandy Barnstable rose up, wet with the salt sea spray;
And Bristol sent her answering shout down Narragansett Bay!
Along the broad Connecticut old Hampden felt the thrill,
And the cheer of Hampshire's woodmen swept down from Holyoke Hill.
The voice of Massachusetts! Of her free sons and daughters,
Deep calling unto deep aloud, the sound of many waters!
Against the burden of that voice what tyrant power shall stand?
No fetters in the Bay State! No slave upon her land!
Look to it well, Virginians! In calmness we have borne,
In answer to our faith and trust, your insult and your scorn;
You've spurned our kindest counsels; you've hunted for our lives;
And shaken round our hearths and homes your manacles and gyves!
We wage no war, we lift no arm, we fling no torch within
The fire-damps of the quaking mine beneath your soil of sin;
We leave ye with your bondmen, to wrestle, while ye can,
With the strong upward tendencies and God-like soul of man!
But for us and for our children, the vow which we have given
For freedom and humanity is registered in heaven;
No slave-hunt in our borders, - no pirate on our strand!
No fetters in the Bay State, - no slave upon our land!
TENTANG PUISI “MASSACHUSETTS TO VIRGINIA” KARYA JOHN G. WHITTIER
Reviewed by Prof. Dr. H. Nuriadi Sayip S.S., M.Hum
on
Maret 07, 2018
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